LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



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Shelf .vM-Li. 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



ILLINOIS: 

ITS HISTORY, CIVIL GOVERNMENT, 

GEOGRAPHY, MAP DRAWING 

AND 



THE UNITED STATES SURVEYS 

OF THE STATE, PROM THE ORIGINAIj RECORDS, 
TOGETHER WITH HISTORICAL NOTES AND 

COPIOUS MAP EXERCISES. 
.^ 



By N. N. McCULLOUGH. 



DEC m ' 







1885.: 

State Jocbnai. Book and Job Pbinting Company. 

SPBiKsnsLD, Illinois. 



3'.U 



Copyright, 1885, by N. N. MeCuUoiigh. 



W^ 'A 



HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY 



Illioois lies between 37° and 42° 30' north latitude, 
87° 30' and 91° 30' west longitude ; and is bounded 
noith by Wisconsin, east by Lake Michigan and 
Indiana, south by Kentucky, west by Missouri and 
Iowa. 

The boundary rivers are the Mississippi, the Ohio 
and the Wabash. 

Its area is variously given 55, 410 to 56, 650 square 
miles. The population is about 3,000,000. 

The average elevation is 600 feet above the sea level, 
290 feet in the south and 1000 feet in the extreme north. 

The length is estimated by different authorities as 380 
to 888 miles, the width 212 to 218 miles. 

The navigable rivers are the Mississippi, Ohio 
Wabash, Illinois, Kaskaskia and Rock. The Illinois' 
and Michigan canal connects the Illinois river and 
Lake Michigan . 

There are about 8000 miles of railioad. 

The estimated area- of Illinois coal fields is 35,000 
square miles. 

The chief minerals are lead, iron, copper, coal and 
salt. Petroleum is found in the north-east, and latelv 
in the central part of the State. 



The geological strata succeed each other in the fol- 
lowing order: Vegetable mould, clay, limestone, 
shell, bituminous coal; soapstone, sandstone. 

Fire clay, potters' clay, and sand suitable for the 
manufacture of glass and cement are found. 

Valuable medicinal springs are in various parts of 
the State. 

The leading industries in the northern part are man- 
ufacturing, farming and stock raising ; in the southern, 
farming, especial attention being given to fruit and 
vegetables. There are immense strawberry and peach 
farms. 

Pawpaws, blackberries, grapes, plums and cherries; 
mulberries, hazel nuts, pecans, walnuts and hickory 
nuts, grow without cultivation in some sections. 

The chief crops are wheat and Indian corn. Other 
important products are oats, rye, barley, beans, peas, 
potatoes and tomatoes ; tobacco and castor beans in 
the south. GrasR is a valuable crop. 

The trees of Illinois are hickory, elm, maple, black 
and white walnut, locust, ash, Cottonwood, sycamore 
and oak. Pecan, cypress and gum in the southern part. 

Illinois was discovered and settled by the French. 
Kaskaskia is given as the first permanent settlement 
and the date from 1673 to 1682. Peoria and Cahokia, 
it is claimed, were settled as early. 

In 1763, at the close of the French and Indian War, 
the French ceded the country to the English . In 1778, 
during the Revolution, Col. George Rogers Clarke, 
acting under a commission from Patrick Henry, Gov- 
ernor of Virginia, captured Kaskaskia from the English. 



Illinois formed a part of the Northwest Territory, 
organized in 1787, In 1800 it was made a part of 
Indiana Territory. In 1809 organized as Illinois Ter- 
ritory, capital at Kaskaskia. Admitted as a State 1818, 
capital changed to Vandalia and removed to Spring- 
field in 1837. 

LIST OF GOVERNORS. 

1818— Shadrach Bond, St. Clair Co. 

1822— Edward Coles, Madison Co. 

1826— Niniau Edwards, Madison Co. 

1830— John Reynolds, St. Clair Co. (Resigned.) ' 

1834 — Wm. L. Ewinij, Fayette Co. (to fill vacancy.) 

1834— Joseph Duncan, Morgan Co. 

1838— Thomas Carlin, Greene Co. :; 

1842— Thomas Ford, Ogle Co. 

1846— Augustus C. French, Crawford Co. 

1849— Augustus C. French, Crawford Co. (Re-elected 
under constitution of 1848.) 

1853— Joel A. Matteson, Will Co. 

1857- Wmi. H. Bissell, Monroe Co. (Died in office.) 

1860— John Wood, Adams Co. (To fill vacancy. ) 

1861— Richard Yates, Morgan Co. 

1865— Richard J. Oglesby, Macon Co. 

1869— John M. Palmer, Macoupin Co. 

1873— Richard J. Oglesby, Macon Co. (Resigned.) 

1873— John L. Beveridge, Cook Co (To fill vacancy.) 

1877— Shelby M . Cullom, Sangamon Co. 

1881— Shelby M. Cullom, Sangamon Co. (Resigned.) 

1883— John M. Hamilton, McLean Co. (To fill 
vacancy.) i 

1885— Richard J. Oglesby, Logan Co . 



6 



The present constitution was adopted in 1870 and 
amended 1880. Illinois has 102 counties, all under 
township organization except Alexander, Bond, Cal- 
houn, Cass, Cook, Edwards, Franklia, Gallatin, Greene, 
Hardin, Henderson, Johnson, Massac, Menard, Monroe, 
Morgan, Perry, Pope, Pulaski, Randolph, Saline, Scott, 
Union, Wabash, Washington, Williamson. 

There are State Boards of Agriculture, Health, Phar- 
macy and Education; Railroad and Warehouse Com- 
missioners, Fish Commissioners, Commissioners of 
Public Charities, Canal Commissioners, two Boards of 
Prison Commissioners. 

There is a State Historical Library and Natural 
History Museum, and a State Library. 

The Illinois House of Representatives is elected 
under what is known as minority representation. 
There being three members to elect from each district, 
the voters may cast three votes for one candidate, one 
and one-half for two, or one each for three. 

The State Legislature is called the General Assembly 
and meets biennially. 

Illinois has two U. S, Senators and twenty Rep- 
resentatives in Congress, and twenty-two Electoral 
votes. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



Theke are three Branches of Civil Government — 
Legislative, Judicial and Executive. The Leg- 
isTivE Makes the Laws, the Judicial Inter- 
prets AND the Executive Enforces them. 



UNITED STATES. 



legislative . 

Senate — Elected by Legislatures. Two Senators from 
each State for six years. Salary, $5,000. 

House — 325 Representatives, at present. Elected by 
the people for two years. Salary, $5,000. 
judicial. 

One Supreme Court — Nine members. One Chief 
Justice, $10,500; eight Associate Justices, $10,000. 

One Court of C^ams— Five Judges, $4,500. 

Nine Circuit Courts— One Judge in each circuit. 
Salary, $6,000. 

1st Circuit. — Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New 
Hampshire, Maine. 

2d Circuit.—Vermont, Connecticut, New York. 

3d Circuit . —Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware. 



4th Circuit. — Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, 
North Carolina, South Carolina. 

5th Circuit. — Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, 
Louisiana, Texas. 

6th Circuit. — Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, Tennessee. 

7th Circuit. — Illinois, Indiana, IWisconsin. 

8th Circuit. — Nebraska, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, 
Kansas, Arkansas, Colorado. 

9th Circuit. — California, Oregon, Nevada. 

Sixty District Courts. — One Judge in each District. 
Salary, $3, 500 to $5,000. 

One District each. — California, Connecticut, Dela- 
ware, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky^ Maine, Mary- 
land, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nebraska, Nevada, 
New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Rhode Island, 
Vermont, West Virginia, Colorado. 

Two Districts each. — Arkansas, Georgia, Florida, 
Illinois, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, North Caro- 
lina, South Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, 
Wisconsin, Louisiana. 

Three Districts each. — Alabama, New York, Ten- 
nessee, Texas. 

The Northern and Southern Districts of Illinois are 
divided by Hancock, McDonough, Fulton, Tazewell, 
McLean, Ford and Vermilion counties, which lie in the 
Southern District. 

All the judges appointed for life by the President and 
confirmed by the Senate. 

EXECUTIVE. 

President, $50,000. 
Vice-President, $8,000. 



9 



Elected by Electoral College for four years. 

Cab i net. —Ssi\a.ry, $8,000. Secretaries of State, 
Treasury, War, Navy and Interior; Post-Master Gen- 
eral, Attorney General. Appointed by the President 
and confirmed by the Senate. 



ILLINOIS- 



STATE. 



LEGISLATIVE. 



Senate. — Fifty-one Senators, four years. 

House. — 153 Representatives, 3 years. 

Per diem, S5.00. Elected by the people. 

Illinois sends to the General Assembly one Senator 
and three Representatives from each of the following 
Districts : 

1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 9th, 11th, 13th.— Cook 
county. 

8th. — Boone, McHenry, Lake. 

10th. — Winnebago, O^le. 

12th. — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Carroll. 

14th . — Kane, DuPage . 

15th.— Will. 

16th. — Kankakee, Iroquois. 

17th.— DeKalb, Kendall, Grundy. 

18th. — Livingston, Ford. 

19th.— Whiteside, Lee. 



10 



20lh.— Marshall, Woodford, Tazewell. 

2l8t.— Rock Island, Henry. 

22d. —Knox, Fulton. 

23d. — LaSalle. 

24th.— Henderson. Hancock, Mercer. 

25th. — Bureau, Stark, Putnam. 

26th.— Peoria. 

27th.— Warren, McDonough. 

28th.— McLean. 

29th.— Logan, Macon. 

30th.— DeWitt, Piatt, Champaign. 

3l8t.— Vermilion, Edgar. 

32d. — Douglas, Coles, Cumberland. 

33d. —Moultrie, Shelby, Effingham. 

34th.— Mason, Menard, Cass, Schuyler. 

35 th.— Adams, 

36lh.— Brown, Pike, Calhoun. 

37th.— Scott, Greene, Jersey. 

38th.— Morgan, Macoupin. 

39th . —Sangamon . 

40th. — Christian, Montgomery. 

41st.— Madison. 

42d. —Bond, Clinton, Washington. 

43d. — Fayette, Marion, JefiEerson. 

44th.— Clay, Richland, Wayne. 

45th.— Clark, Crawford, Jasper, 

46th.— Hamilton, White, Wabash, Lawrence. 

47th.— St. Clair. 

48th.— Monroe, Randolph, Perry. 

49th.— Saline, Gallatin, Hardin, Pope, Massac. 



11 



50th. — Jackson, Ud ion, Alexander. 

51st. — Franklin, Williamson, Johnson, Pulaski. 

Illinois sends to Congress one member from each of 
the following Districts: 

1st, 2d, 3d, 4th— Cook County. 

5th. — Boone, McHenry, Lake, DeKalb, Kane. 

6th. — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Winnebago, Carroll, 
Ogle. 
7th — Whiteside, Lee, Bureau, Putnam, Henry. 
8th.— LaSalle, Kendall, DuPage, Will, Grundy. 

9th. — Kankakee, Iroquois, Ford, Livingston, Wood- 
ford, Marshall. 

10th. — Peoria, Stark, Knox, Fulton, 

11th. — Rock Island, Mercer, Warren, Henderson, 

Hancock, McDonough^ Schuyler. 

13th. — Adams, Brown, Pike, Scott, Greene, Jersey, 
Calhoun. 

13th. — Tazewell, Mason, Menard, Morgan, Sanga- 
mon, Christian. 
14th. — Logan, McLean, DeWitt. Macon, Piatt. 

15th.— Champaign, Douglas, Coles, Edgar, Ver- 
milion. 

16th. — Cumberland, Clark, Jasper, Crawford, 
Richland, Lawrence, Wabash, Edwards, Wayne, Clay. 

17th —Moultrie, Shelby, Effingham, Fayette, Mont- 
gomery, Macoupin. 

18th,— Bond, Madison, St. Clair, Monroe, Wash- 
ington. 

19th. — Clinton, Marion, Jefferson. Franklin, Ham- 
ilton, White, Gallatin, Saline, Hardin. 

30th.— Randolph, Perry, Jackson, Williamson, John- 
son, Pope, Massac. Pulaski, Alexander, Union. 



12 



JUDICIAL. 

'Stipre?7ie Court. — One Chief Justice, six Associate 
Justices, elected for nine years. Salary, $5,000. 

Northern Grand DivisioN — Boone, Bureau, Car- 
roll, Cook, DeKalb, DuPage, LaSalle, Marshall, 
McHenry, Mercer, Ogle, Grundy, Henderson, Henry, 
Iroquois, Jo Daviess, Lee, Peoria, Putnam, Rock 
Island, Kane, Kankakee, Kendall, Knox, Lake, 
Livingston, Stark, Stephenson, Warren, Whiteside, 
Will, Winnebago, Woodford. 

Central Grand Division — Adams, Brown, Cass, 
Calhoun, Champaign, Christian, Clark, Coles. Cum- 
berland, DeWitt, Douglas, Edgar, Ford, Fulton, 
Greene, Hancock, Jersey, Logan, Macon, Macoupin, 
Mason, McDonougb, McLean, Menard. Montgomery, 
Morgan, Moultrie, Piatt, Pike, Sangamon, Schuyler, 
Scott, Shelby, Tazewell, Vermilion. 

Southern Grand Division— Alexander, Bond, Clay, 
Clinton, Crawford, Edwards, Effingham, Fayette, 
Franklin, Gallatin, Hamilton, Hardin, Jackson, 
Jefferson, Jasper, Johnson, . Lawrence, Madison, 
Marion, Massac, Monroe, Perry, Pope, Pulaski, 
Randolph, Richland, Saline, St. Clair, Union, Wabash, 
Washington, Wayne, White, Williamson. 

Appellate Court. — Three Judges in each District, 
appointed from among the Circuit Judges by the 
Supreme Court for three years. Salary, $3,500. 

1st District — Cook County. 

3d District — Northern Grand Division of Supreme 
Court, except Cook county. 



13 



3d District— Central Grand Division of Supreme 
Court. 

4th District — Southern Grand Division of Supreme 
Court. 

Circuit Courts. — Three Judges in each Circuit, 
elected for six years. Salary, $3,500. 

1st Circuit. — Franklin, Saline, Williamson, Jackson, 
Union, Johnson, Pope, Hardin, Massac, Pulaski, Alex- 
ander. 

2d Circuit. — Cumberland, Effingham, Clay, Jasper, 
Richland, Lawrence, Crawford, Jefferson, Wayne, 
Edwards, Wabash, White, Hamilton, Gallatin. 

3d Circuit.— Bond, Madison, St. Clair, Marion, 
Clinton, Washington, Randolph, Monroe, Perry. 

4th Circuit. — Vermilion, Edgar, Clark, Coles, 
Douglas, Champaign, Piatt, Moultrie, Macon. 

5th Circuit. — Sangamon, Macoupin, Christian, Mont- 
gomery, Fayette, Shelby. 

6th Circuit. — Hancock, Adams, Fulton, McDon- 
ough. Schuyler, Brown, Pike = 

7th Circuit. — DeWitt, Logan, Menard, Mason, Cass, 
Morgan, Scott, Greene, Jersey, Calhoun. 

8th Circuit. — Putnam, Marshall, Woodford, Taze- 
well, Peoria, Stark. 

9thlCircuit. — Bureau, LaSalle, Will, Grundy. 

lOth.Circuit. — Rock Island, Mercer, Henry, Hen- 
derson, -Warren, Knox. 

11th, Circuit. — McLean, Ford, Kankakee, Iroquois, 
Livingston. 



14 



12th Circuit.— Boone, DeKalb, McHenry, Lake, 
Kane .DuPage, Kendall. 

13tli Circuit. — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Winnebago, 
Carroll, Whiteside, Ogle, Lee. 

EXECUTIVE. 

Governor. $6,000. 

Lieutenant-Governor, $1,000. 

Secretary of State, $3,500. 

Auditor of Public Accounts, $3,500. 

Superintendent of Public Instruction. $3,500. 

Attorney-General, $3,500. All elected by the people 

for four years. 

Treasurer, $3, 500. Elected by the people for two 
years. 

COUNTY. 



LEGISLATIVE . 

Under Township Organization. — Board of Super- 
visors elected annually from the municipal townships. 

Not under Township Organiz<(ti(rn. — Board of County 
Commissioners of three members. One elected 
annually for three years. 

Cook county has a Board of fifteen Commissioners 
elected b}"^ the people. 

JUDICIAL. 

County Judge elected for four years. 

EXECUTIVE. 

Sheriff. 
Treasurer. 



15 



Superintendent of Schools 

County Clerk. 

Circuit Clerk . 

Coroner. 

State's Attorney. 

Surveyor. All for four years. 

Cook and LaSalle counties have, in addition, a 
Recorder and Probate Judge and Clerk ; McLean and 
St. CUir a Recorder. 



TOWNSHIP. 



LEGISLATIVE. 

Annual meeting of the people. 

JUDICIAL. 

Justices of the Peace, four years. 

EXECUTIVE , 

Supervisor, 
Town Clerk, 
Assessor, 
Collector, 

Pound Master, elected for one year. 
Highway Commissioners, 
School Trustees, three years. 
Constables, four years. 

Treasurer, appointed by Trustees for two years. 
School Trustees and Treasurer are school township 
officers . 



16 
SCHOOL DISTRICT. 



LEGISIiATIVE. 

Three Directors, three years. One elected annually. 

JUDTCIAL. 

Directors. 

County Superintendent. 

EXECUTIVE. 

Directors. 
Teacher. 



CITY OR VILLAGE. 



LEGISLATIVE . 

Mayor and Council, elected by the people for two 
years. 

JUDICIAL. 

Police Magistrate, four years. 

Cities of not less than 3000 population may vote to 
have a city court of one to five Judges. 

EXECUTIVE. 

Mayor . 
Clerk. 
Treasurer. 
Attorney. 

Elected by the people, two years. 
Villages have six trustees, three elected annually for 
two vears. 



UNITED STATES SURVEY OF 
ILLINOIS. 



Soon after the Revolutionary War, before the Con- 
stitution was adopted, and when there was no President 
of the United States, the General Government was 
beset with many difficulties. 

There was a war debt and no resources; the States 
• could come to no agreement about their boundaries in 
the Northwest, especially because the States with no 
claim to western land would not consent to a Union 
that did not remove, in part at least, the wide differ- 
ence in area. 

As a means of promoting harmony and hastening 
the adoption of the Constitution, it was suggested that 
this much claimed land— the Northwest Territory — 
be ceded to the General Government. 

It could then be disposed of to companies or settlers, 
and was regarded as an important prospective means 
of paying the war debt. 

It was some years before the cessions were all com- 
plete and the deeds executed, but it was finally done, 
and when the transfer was made, there came into 
existence our public domain. 

For the purpose of disposing of it, the old Congress. 
m 1785, adopted the rectangular system of surveys. 



18 



This system was reported from a committee of Con- 
gress, May 7, 1784, of which Thomas Jefferson was 
chairman. 

It is based upon lines known as Principal Meridian 
and Base Line, the geographical meridian being sub- 
stituted for the magnetic meridian. 

A principal meridian is a true north and south line, 
and has no reference to anything only the survey, 
being principal in that. It will be a meridian of the 
earth, because it would, if extended, pass through the 
poles. 

It is run wherever it is deemed necessary or con- 
venient for the district or tract to be surveyed, and 
usually has reference to some natural land mark, 
such as the confluence of rivers, the better to secure 
accuracy. 

Distance east or west of the principal meridian is 
known as Range 1, 2, 3, etc., east; or, Range 1, 2, 3, etc., 
west of the principal meridian, somewhat as degrees 
of longitude, east or west of a first meridian. 

Each principal meridian has a true east and west 
line crossing it at right angles, called a base line, and 
distance north and south of it is something like degrees 
of latitude north or south of the equator. 

The base line may be located at either extremity 
of the principal meridian, or at any point between 
them. If it is at the extreme northern limit, then 
there will, of course, be no townships north, but all 
townships south; or, if at the other extremity, then 
all townships will be north and none south; if at 



19 



any place between the two, there will be townships 
both north and south. So, too, there will be raoges 
of townships east or west or both, according as the 
principal meridian crosses the base line at one 
extremity or between the two. 

The country is surveyed or laid off in every direction, 
eventually, into tracts six miles square called townships, 
containing thirty-six square miles, each one of which 
is intended to contain 640 acres. 

Townships are numbered consecutively, beginning 
at the base line north or south; and ranges of town- 
ships, east or west, beginning at the meridian. 

The number of a township, as given at the east 
or west margin of the county map, indicates its dis- 
tance from the base line; and the range number as 
found at the north or south margin, shows its dis- 
tance from the meridian. Multiply these numbers by 
six to gettbe distances in miles. 

The thirty-six square miles of a township are called 
sections and are numbered alternately west and east, 
beginning at the northeast corner with No. 1, and 
ending at the southeast corner with No. 36, as shown 
on the county map. 

A section is divided into east and west halves 
by a north and south line; into north and south 
halves by an east and west line; and into quarters 
by both. Quarter sections are sub-divided in a 
similar manner. The half-mile posts for sub-dividing 
the sections are placed in the original survey but the 
lines are not actually run. 



20 



The United States Government has full charge of 
the public land, orders and pays for surveys, has 
the care of the original records or archives, closes 
the office of Surveyor-General when the survey is 
completed, disposes of the land, and then delivers the 
archives to the State authorities. 

While Illinois was originally a part of the North- 
west Territory and so included in the general plan 
of survey, little was actually done wiihin its present 
limits till about the time Indiana was admitted into 
the Union . 

In 1816 a Surveyor-General was appointed for the 
territories of Illinois and Missouri, the latter being 
a part of the Louisiana purchase. His office was 
at St. Louis and was closed in 1863. 

The Illinois records were delivered to the State in 
1869. 

The Surveyors-General enter into contracts with 
professional surveyors whom they commission as 
their deputies. 

Surveying contracts describe the particular field 
work to be executed, the time within which it must 
be completed, the consideration at so much per 
lineal mile, expenses of the surveyor, his party and 
instruments, together with proper returns to the 
office of the surveyor-general. 

The deputy surveyor has usually six men to assist 
him. Before they enter upon their duties they are 
sworn to perform the work faithfully and according 
to the manual of instructions issued by the government. 



21 

The survey has never been extended until the 
Indian title has been extinguished, and it must be 
remembered, that while the government was anxious 
to dispose ot the land, there was no utility in a survey 
until there was a prospect of settlement and conse- 
quent demand for the land. 

During the early working of tbe system, it was, under 
Congiess, in the hands of the Board of Treasury, the 
then Treasury Department. 

By 1812, the public domain had grown to such vast 
dimensions, that Congress created the office of Com- 
missioner of the General Land Office, and made his 
bureau subordinate to the Treasury Department. 

In 1849, when Congress created the Home (now 
Interior) Department, it was made the duty of the 
Secretary to supervise the Land Office, the present 
arrangement. 

The lines of public survey over level ground are 
measured with a four-pole chain, 66 feet in length, 
eighty chains constituting one lineal mile, but with a 
two-pole chain where the country is broken or hilly. 

The lines thus chained or measured are marked by 
chops on each side of line trees, and in the absence of 
such trees those standing nearest the line are blazed 
diagonally toward it. 

Trees standing on the precise spot where legal cor- 
ners are required are made available. If no such trees 
are there, then the corners are perpetuated by posts or 
stones. 

Township corner posts or stones, common to four 
townships, are set diagonally and marked with six' 



22 



notches on each of the four angles, set to the cardinal 
points of the compass. 

Mile posts on township lines are marked with as 
many notches as they are distant from the township 
corners respectively. 

The principal meridian and the base line are first 
measured and marked (not always throughout the 
whole length) and the corner boundaries thereon 
established, then follows running of the exterior lines 
of townships. The interior lines of the townships 
may then be surveyed. 

After this, the meridian and base line may be 
extended, if necessary, for other ranges and townships. 

This is the usual order to be followed . 

Since its adoption, the system has been improved by 
the addition of standard parallel or correction lines, 
and guide meridians. 

The latter are north and south lines run every eight 
ranges of townships, or 48 miles, from the principal 
meridian, and contribute to the accuracy of the 
survey. 

Correction lines are east and west lines, north or 
south of the base line, run independently, beginnmg 
at the meridian. 

As meridians converge toward the poles, any two 
lines run due north will eventually meet. 

It follows that the space between them gradually 
grows narrower. To compensate this, the correction 
lines are established at intervals of a tew townships 
from the base Use . 



23 



All north and south lines of surveys are run toward 
the north. 

Township lines are run from the base line to the first 
correction line north. Then beginning anew at the 
township corners previously set on this first correction, 
run to the second correction line north, then from 
the second to the third correction line; and so on 
throughout the tract north of the base line. 

On the couQty map the "jogs" may be seen at 
these correction lines. 

South of the base line the following order is 

observed. 

Beginning at the township corners on the first cor- 
rection line south, run north to the base line, then 
begin at the second correction line south and run to 
the first, and soon. 

The surveys in Illinois are governed by three prin- 
cipal meridians, two of which are within the State and 
one entirely out of it. 

These three surveys are shown by the coloring of 
the Illinois map . That portion of the State surveyed 
from the 2nd P. M. being pink, the 3rd blue, and the 
4th yellow. 

While Illinois was part ot the Indiana Territory, the 
survey was extended westward from the 2nd P. M. 
across the present eastern boundary of Illinois, and 
so a portion of that survey is in Illinois while the 
2nd P. M. itself is in Indiana. 

Lands belonging to individuals when the country 
came into the hands of the United States, are not 



24 



included in the public survey, and the government 
has at times excepted certain other specified portions. 

There are many such tracts opposite Vincennes and 
around Kaskaskia. 

The greater part of Illinois is governed by the 
3rd principal meridian, which is a line due north from 
the mouth of the Ohio river and coincides with longi- 
tude 89«^ 10' 30^ ' west from Greenwich. 

Its base line, which is a continuation of the base 
line of the 3nd principal meridian, crosses the State 
one mile south of Belleville and three miles north of 
Mt. Carmel, forming the boundary line between 
Jefferson and Marion counties in latitude 38° 30' 
north. 

The 4th principal meridian in longitude 90° 29 ^56/'' 
west is due north from the mouth .of the Illinois 
river throue^h Galena, to the State line, having no 
reference, however, to Iowa, which it would seem 
to cross. 

Its base line crosses Adams county five miles north 
of Quincy, and meets the meridian opposite Beards- 
town. 

The 3nd principal meridian runs due north from 
the mouth of the Little Blue river in Indiana. This 
State was surveyed Jong before Illinois, the land 
sold and the archives turned over to the State 
authorities in 1849— twenty years before the Illinois 
survey was finished. 

The 2nd principal meridian controls in Illinois to 
the west line of R. 14 W., the State line being in 



25 



R. 10 W. of the 2nd principal meridian, and fromT. 5 
S. toT. SON. 

The line of demarcation of the 2nd and 3rd principal 
meridians has no name or designation, and descriptions 
of adjoining tracts of land in that locality may refer 
to different meridians, even in the same county. 

The 3rd principal meridian governs east to the State 
line, north of the Indiana survey, fourteen and a frac- 
tion ranges east. At the meeting of the two surveys 
it is ten and a fraction ranges east of the 3rd . 

West it governs to the Mississippi and Illinois rivers, 
the greatest extent being in Scott county, thirteen and 
a fraction ranges west. 

North of the Illinois river, the 3rd principal meridian 
governs no surveys west, as that belongs east of the 
4th principal meridian. 

The 3rd principal meridian has forty-six townships 
north and seventeen south. 

The 4th principal meridian governs the surveys west 
of the TlUnois river and west of the 3rd principal 
meridian ilorth of the river. 

It has thirteen townships south, in Calhoun county, 
at the bend of the river, and twenty-nine townships 
north. 

Its greatest extent west is range ten, in Adams 
county; east, range eleven, reaching to the 3rd prin- 
cipal meridian . 

Up to 1880, the public surveys had been closed in the 
followiog States only: Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, 
Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin, Kansas, Mississippi, Ohio, 
Indiana and Michigan. 



26 



A section may be divided into east and west 
halves, north and south halves, or into four quarters; 
and the quarter section may be subdivided in the 
sarhe manner, making forty possible land descriptions 
referable to any section. See dias^ram on the county 
map. 

The cost of surveying has ranged from $3 to $30 
per lineal mile at various times. 

For State or Territorial boundary surveys, or others 
astronomically determined, as high as $75 per lineal 
mile has been paid. 

A township of land contains twelve miles of exterior 
lines and sixty miles of section lines. The prices 
allowed by existing laws are $12 for meridian and 
correction lines, $10 for exterior township lines, and $8 
for section lines. 

A surveyed township of thirty-six square miles is 
called a congressional or government township^ because 
it is created by authority of Congress; a sectional 
township, because it is composed of sections; and a 
school township by enactment of the State Legisla- 
ture. 

Civil or municipal townships are created for the pur 

poses of local government, and have specific names. 

They are also called political townships, and may or 

may not coincide with congressional townships. See 

the county map. 

The east line of Illinois was run in 1831 by two com- 

missi<mers, one from each State. 

The first surveying in Illinois was probably done in 
1805. 



27 



In tax lists and receipts_, school officers' reports, 
teachers' schedules, deeds, locations and land descrip- 
tions generally, such expressions as T. 5 N. (or S.)> 
R. 7E. (or W.) are usually read town 5 north (or 
south), range 7 east (or west) instead of township 5 
north (or south) of the base line, range 7 east (or w^est) 
of the 3rd (or other) principal meridian. 



HISTORICAL NOTES. 



The names of Illinois counties and towns are full 
of historical interest, and will lead directly or by asso- 
ciation to the great men and stirring events of the 
past. 

The patriotic deeds and eloquent words of our fore- 
fathers may thus be brought to help us to appreciate 
our privileges and the duties we owe. 

Two of the counties sufi:gest the name of him of 
whom it was said ' 'he touched the dead corpse of 
public credit and it sprang upon its feet," Alexander 
and Hamilton. 

These county names will recall Presidents: 
Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Madison and Monroe 
— and Quincy, Adams (county) is particularly appro- 
priate . There ought to be a Marquette county as well 
as a LaSalle, with Hennepin or Joliet its county seat . 

Washington county ought to have Mt. Vernon for 



28 



its capital in memory of Washington's home, and 
Jefferson county might ask Piatt for Monticello out of 
regard for the "Sage." 

•Sullivan, in Moultrie county, is suitable, for Col, 
Moultrie commanded the fort on Sullivan's Island. 
It was in the attack on this fort that Sergeant 
Jasper immortalized himself — and we have a Jasper 
county. 

Of the Revolutionary generals represented are 
Greene, who died of sunstroke, '"Mad Anthony" 
Wayne, and Schuyler, whose daughter was the wife 
of Alexander Hamilton. 

Picckneyville suggests Charles C. Pinckney, who 
said "Millions for defense but not one cent for 
tribute. " 

Montgomery reminds us of 1775 at Quebec, and of 
Gen. Wolfe, who would rather have written Gray's 
"Elegy" than capture that city. 

Pulaski brings to mind the Polish count who was 
killed at Savannah in 1779, and other distinguished 
foreigners of Revolutionary fame; LaFayette (Fayette 
county) who laid the corner stone of Pulaski's monu- 
ment; Rochambeau, who lent to Robert Morris (Grundy 
count}) the money that transported Washington's 
army to Yorktown; Kosciusko, who was with Gates at 
Stillwater and who has a monument at West Point 
erected by the cadets; and Baron DeKalb, for whom 
one of our counties was named. 

When mortally wounded at Damden, DeKalb s»id 
"I die the death I have always prayed for — the death 



of a soldier fighting for the rights of man." At 
his grave Washington exclaimed, "So here lies the 
brave DeKalb, the generous stranger who came from 
a distant land to fight our battles and water with his 
blood the tree of liberty." 

Clay, Calhoun J Cass and Scott counties suggest 
unsuccessful presidential candidates. Clay, the 
"Great Pacificator" and •'Mill Boy of the Slashes," 
' 'Would rather be right than president." Of Calhoun, 
Webster said ' 'Nothing meanly selfish came near his 
head or heart." 

Calhoun and Webster were born the same year. 
Clay and Webster died the same year. 

Cass was Secretary of State under Buchanan, and 
Scott had chief command of our armies in the Mexican 
v/ar. 

Marshall gives us the name of the U. S. Chief 
Justice who established "on a firm and enduring 
basis the noble structure of American law," and 
Hancock, one of the signers of the Declaration of 
Independence. 

The early governor of New York, who originated 
the Erie canal, founded a school of art and an orphans 
asylum, is named in full — DeWitt, Clinton 

The county seat of Franklin is Benton; if it were 
Benjamin it would complete the reference to "Poor 
Richard" for whom Paul Jones* vessel, the Bon 
Homme Richard was named . 

Jackson recalls the hero of New Orleans, "Old 
Hickory," and ought to have a "Hermitage. " 



so 



Grundy has the name of a United States Attorney- 
General and its county seat that of the Revolutionary 
financier, Robert Morris, whose adopted son was Presi- 
dent Harrison, and Gouveroeur Morris, of Pennsylva- 
nia, who wrote the Constitution 

From Livingston we may go to the purchase of 
Louisiana, as we find among the signers of the treaty 
Robert R. Livingston, who said at that time, * 'We have 
lived long but this is the noblest work of our whole 
lives." 

Fulton county is appropriately located between the 
rivers, as Robert Fulton was the first steamboat 
captain; and the county seat, Lewistown, helps us to 
remember Lewis and Clarke's expedition to the Pacific 
ocean. This Clarke was a brother of Col, George 
Rogers Clarke who captured Kaskaskia— and we have 
a Clark county. 

Generals Pike and Winchester were together at 
Plattsburg in 1812, and in 1813 Pike lost his life at the 
moment of victory by the explosion of a magazine. 

Morgan was in the battles of the Cowpens, Quebec 
and Bemis Heights. 

Gen. Jacob Brown, at his death in 1828, was in 
supreme command of the United States army. 

Marion was born in the same year as Washington, 
and was noted for his success as a general. 

Monmouth could appropriately build a monument to 
"Major Molly," for it was in that battle Molly Pitcher 
took her fallen husband's place at the cannon. In the 
battle of Bunker Hill, Generals Warren and Putnam 



SI 



enlisted as privates; Warren fell, and Mrs. Adams 
wrote "We mourn for the citizen, the physician, the 
senator, the warrior." Israel Putnam died after the 
Revolution was over. "Give me liberty or give me 
death" is susfgested by Henry county, and if we read of 
Patrick Henry in connection with Col. George Rogers 
Clarke, we may realize how much Illinois owes him. 

Stark brings to mind the battle at Bennington, and 
its watchword; the county seat of Bureau, Princeton, 
in which battle Mercer fell. 

Peyton Randolph, the president of the first conti- 
nental congress, and John Randolph, who was a 
descendant of Pocahontas, are suggested by Randolph 
county. 

Bond, Ford, Coles and Edwards recall the early 
governors of Illinois; St. Clair suggests the first gover- 
nor of the Northwest Territory; Boone, the Ken- 
tucky pioneer; Douglas, the "Little Giant," who held 
the hat of his successful rival on inauguration day; 
Lawrence, "Don't give up the ship;" and Perry, "'We 
have met the enemy and they are ours." From Macon's 
county seat we maj'' think of the Commodore's toast, 
"Our country! In her intercourse with foreign nations, 
may she always be in the right, but our country, right 
or wrong." 

McHenry might suggest Key and "The Star 
Spangled Banner;" and Cambridge, of Henderson 
county, our first great colleges and universities. 

Harvard University was founded in 1638; William 
and Mary College in 1693; Yale College in 1700; 



32 



Brown University in 1764; Dartmouth College in 1769; 
and Bowdoin College in 1794. 

And these naturally lead us to consider American 
Literature, Authors and Educational Institutions. 

Of the Indian names that have survived are Iroquois, 
Winnebago, Pontiac, Shawneetown, Kishwaukee, 
Ottawa, Fox and Peoria. 

Taylorville recalls *'01d Rough and Ready." Pierre 
Menard was the first Lieutenant-Governor of Illinois, 
and the president of all its territorial legislatures. 
Albert Gallatin, whose name is found in a southern 
county, had probably more to do with directing the 
United States Survey in Illinois than any other man. 

*'By these events was the northwestern boundary 
of the new American Union removed from the Ohio 
to the Great Lakes, and except for George Rogers 
Clarke and his victories, the northwest might be to-day 
a British Canadian colony." 



EXERCISES ON THE STATE MAP. 



The following is only suggestive of ways in which 
the maps may be used The first object should be 
thoroughly to master the geography of your State and 
county. Let the lessons be short, frequent and never 
wearisome. A free use of the pointer on the part of 
the pupils themselves, as well as the teacher, is 
essential. 

The first lesson might be to bound the State, then 
point out boundary rivers, interior rivers and the canal. 
In learning the cities or towns, begin with those near- 
est home, noting their direction, their industries or 
institutions and their township and range as shown ia 
the Key. Relate any incidents or facts of special 
interest connected with them. 

Use the Historical Notes and any current literature 
to supplement the work. 

Let the pupils learn to enumerate in a table the 
important things about towns, etc. 

Learn, especially, to bound your own county. 

Name the largest county, the smallest, the county 
with the greatest number of bounding counties. 

Name the creek or river county boundaries . 

Tell whether a county is in the northern, southern or 
central portion. Name the counties that are bounded 
by a principal meridian or a base line and those 
through which they pass. 



84 



Name the counties along the Mississippi, the Illinois, 
the Ohio and Wabash. Along Lake Michigan, those 
that touch Wisconsin and Indiana, and those liable to 
be ov(-rflowed. 

Give the counties that lie within the 2nd principal 
meridian survey. Notice that Galena, in the extreme 
north, and Mound City, in the extreme south, are the 
only cities that are on a principal meridian — one on the 
4th and one on the 3rd. That Kankakee city stands in 
two surveys and in two townships. 

Notice the odd form of Pope, Calhoun and Mason 
counties, and the steps on the boundaries of Shelby, 
Scott, Will and McLean. 

Let the pupils write upon their slates the T. and R. 
of two given cities in the same survey and find the 
distance between them. 

The 3rd principal meridian has 46 T. north and 17 T, 
south, making 63 X 6 miles, or 378 miles as the 
approximate length of the State, 

Point out on the map where tlie coal fields are; where 
lead, zinc, copper and salt are found. 

From the civil government (pp 9 and 11) take the list 
of counties composing your senatorial and congressional 
districts, learn them and who represents them at 
Springfield and Washington. Learn, also, what 
•■fciiBiir compose your United States and Stati circuit 
couits and to what U. S, district court your county 
belongs. 

Have the pupils write upon paper the names of all 
the counties in the State, beginning with Jo Daviess 
as in the key. 



Forming this list will furnish a variety of exercises, 
among which may be named spelling, pronunciation, 
history and geography. About ten counties will be 
sufficient for one lesson. 

When the pupils have the whole list written make a 
general exercise of arranging the names alphabetically. 

EXERCISES ON THE COUNTY MAP. 



In studying the wall map of the county, point out the 
county seat, and its direction from your school house. 

Find the number of miles by the sections to that and 
other towns. Take imaginary journeys all over the 
county by rail — changing cars wherever necessary 
and visiting places of interest. 

Name and locate all the municipal and coLgres- 
sional townships, and give the difference between 
them. 

Notice where the two kinds of townships have and 
have not the same boundary. 

Compare the areas of the municipal townships — the 
largest, the smallest. Name and locate the towns, 
streams, etc. Let the pupils tell where to find the 
different kinds of trees and soils in the county. 
Locate the big farms and bridges. 

Learn something of the hilly and level portions. 

Study the exports and imports of the county. 

Give population and area and any historical facts 
connected with the county. 

Proceed in a similar manner with your township 
and district maps. 



36 
EXERCISES ON THE UNITED STATES SURVEY. 



The importance of teachiug this subject can scarcely 
be over estimated. All who own any tract, however 
small, are direcily interested, and any person may 
own land in this country. Hence no one should 
leave the public schools unacquainted with the system. 
For instance, all should know that there is a mistake 
or something wrong about land offered for sale in T. 
50 N., R. 25 E. of the 3d principal meridian, there 
being no such location, and that it might be well, 
before buying, to examine any tract whose descrip- 
tion locates it where there is likely to be swamp 
or overflowed land. Such exercises as the following 
on the State and county outline maps, which this 
volume accompanies, will give such a comprehensive 
knowledge of the subject, that there need never be 
any difficulty in detecting false or defective land 
descriptions in titles, etc. 

Have the pupils draw a congressional township, 
and number the sections beginning at the northeast 
corner and repeating the section numbers in every.pos- 
sible order, the north tier, the west, the south, the 
east tier. Then diagonally 1, 11, 15, 21, 29, 31, or 
6, 8, 16, 22, 26, 36, etc. 

Give the sections that bound a sectional township, 
those that corner at the northeast, northwest, south- 
east and southwest. What four sections constitute the 
center of the township? 

Erase the west half of the township, now give the 
west tier, the middle tier, the east. 



37 



Treat the west half of the township in the same way, 
the north and the south. 

Section 16 would be in a north or a west half of the 
township — where would section No. 36 be? Name 
other sections rapidly for location. When pupils are 
familiar with the order ot the numbers, put upon the 
board a large rectangle of sections, not a copy of any 
map, nor necessarily a multiple of 36, but a field of 
UQ-numbered sections, for practice in numbering the 
sections of townships. 

Then beginning with No. 1, at the northeast corner 
of course, let the teacher or a pupil write the numbers 
as the class shall dictate, clear across the entire north 
tier, then go back on the second tier clear to the east, 
and so on progressively as a single township is 
numbered. There cannot be more than six consecutive 
numbers in these tiers. Now divide it by heavy lines 
into townships and compare with the county map to 
test the numbering. 

In all problems on the survey, make a diagram 
according to the conditions given, for in no other 
way can the locations and descriptions be so readily 
grasped. 

These exercises may be extended at will. Name 
any section or sub-division, ask how much wheat at 
a given number of bushels per acre, sell the wheat, 
fence the tract, plant apple trees in it or ditch it. 

Call for written descriptions of specified tracts. 
Have pupils point out on the map from oral or 
written descriptions any section in the county. 



38 



Make a diagram showing the E ^ and W. ^ of a 
section, the S. i and N. J, theN. E. i, the N. W. 
i, the S. W. i and the S. E. i; the E., W,, N. or S. ^ of 
ariyi; the N. E., N. W., S. E. or S. W. iofanyi. 

Let a new diagram be made each time and the frac- 
tional name properly written. 

How many acres in each of the foregoing tracts? 
See suhdivision of a section on the county wall map. 

Referring to a full township of 36 sections, explain 
how squaring a side produces the area of a square. 
Referring to a range of townships show how multiply- 
ing the length by the breadth gives the area of a rec- 
tangle. 

Looking at a section on the county map point out 

that there is no difference between one square mile and 

one mile square; at the township, and show that thrre 

is a difference between six square miles and six miles 
square. 

Using four s'^ctions, show that the squire described 
on twice a line is four times the square on the given 
line; and ihat the square on one-half a line is one- 
fourth of the square on the given line. 

Draw the diagonal of a township or of two, and find 
its approximate length; the area in acres of one of the 
triangles. 

Find the nuui er of acres in a township. 

Find the^num')er of miles between two given places, 
from"'the^sccti"ns. 

Use the State m ip to study thoroughly the different 
portions of the S ai)C')ntn>l]ed by the three principal 
meridians. 



39 



Learn their greatest extent in different directions as 
given on pp 24 and 25. 

Construct e^ery variety of problem to fix these 
extreme T. and R. numbers in the memory. In such 
problems it is only necessary to remember that six is 
the scale for the reduction. 

The 3d principal meridian has 46 T. K and 17 T. S.; 
how long is it ? There are about 143^ R east of the 3rd 
princinal meri.Uan to Indiana; 11 R. fast of the 4th to 
the 3rd, and 10 R. west of the 4th principal meridian to 
the Mississippi. How wide is the State? 

How far is it from Beardstown to Cairo -from T. 18 
N. toT. 17S.? 

The location of every county seat is given in the Key 
— with this aid judge what townships and ranges must 
be in any given county. Work in the T. and R. of 
counties at a distance may be only an oral driJl, with- 
out any previous preparation, simply to familiarize 
pupils with the actual survey as it is spread upon the 
State. As the scale of the map is 7 1-7 miles to one inch 
a township or six miles in distance will be a little less 
than ^ of an inch as shown on the T. and R measure 

All county boundaries do not coincide with township 
lines, but many of them do, and along a meridian or 
base line we have an unchangeable starting point. 

m 

The first six miles east or west of a principal 
meridian forms R. 1 E. or R. 1. W. as the case may be. 
The first six miles north or south of a base line forms 
T. 1 N. or T. 1 S. as may be, and so on, every six 
miles torming another R. or T. 



40 



Measure on the State map to find locations; measure 
from the 3d principal meridian east and see that 
Chicago, for inptance, is in R. 13 and 14 E., or 
nieasure from the base line south and find that Cairo is 
in T. 17 S. 

Using the measure, find how many T. and R. 
any given county has. Find what ones it has by measur- 
ing from the meridian or base line. For instance, 
Knox county must have R. 1,2, 3 and 4 east of the 
4th, and Stark must begin with R, 5 E. 

Point out irregularities of county boundaries, such 
as LaSalle's strip of two townships between Livingston 
and Marshall, and measure to see where they do and 
do not coincide with township lines. That Pope, 
Saline, Hamilton, Wayne and Clay counties will all 
have the same R. east of the 3d principal meridian 
along their west line — measure to find what one it is — 
the location of county seats as given in the key 
will be of use in such comparisons. 

Notice the two distances there may be east of the 3d 
principal meridian occasioned by the survey from the 
2d principal meridian extending into Illinois. 

How far from the State line or the Mississippi is a 
man who lives in any given T. and R., or how far from 
the base line or meridian . 

Imagine a friend at a distance, 36, 60 or 90 miles 
north, south, east or west, ask the pupil what county it 
is in, and how the heading of the school schedule 
"W^ould read, 



MAP DRAWING. 



Get a beveled ruler marked with quarter inches, de- 
tail or manilla paper, a couple of No. 2 or 3 camels hair 
brushes, and anything suitable for coloring. 

The paper will be 10 cents a yard and is a yard wide ; 
the brushes will be about 5 cents and the ruler 30 to 50 
cents. 



DIRECTIONS FOR DRAWING OUTLINE MAP OF 
ILLINOIS. 



Construct a figure that shall be six spaces in width by 
ten spaces in length, allowing proper margin especially 
at the bottom where the map is extended beyond the 
tenth space. 

The dimensions of the map may be varied by altering 
the size of the spaces — half inch spaces making a map 
3x5 inches for small slates, or inch spaces making 6x10 
map. 

A good size for blackboard copy is three inch spaces 
making the map 18x30 inches. 

Draw each part of the map in or on its proper space 
as if it stood alone, observing the proportions as in the 
accompanying diagram. 

The larger the map the more windings will be shown 
in I he river lines. Trace the construction figure lightly 
and erase it when the map is finished. 



42 



DIRECTIONS FOR DRA^WING THE COUNTY 
MAP. 



The county map must have as many spaces as there 
are square miles — each space representing a section. 

Decide upon the scale of the map or size of the 
sectioDs; quarter inch spaces will be suitable for paper 
or slates; for the blackboard an inch is better. 

Allow a margin, remembering that the map will 
cover as many inches as one-fourth of the number of 
sections if the scale is a quarter inch to the mile or as 
many as one-half the number of sections if half an 
inch 

Work out in your mind clearly where you will begin 
and how to proceed. Constant reference to the wall 
map of th'^ couQty, especially at first, and until you 
have mastered its details will be necessary. 

If the county is regular in form, count the number of 
sections along two of its boundaries from the map be- 
fore you; at a glance you will see the whole number of 
sections required by the rule for square measure — mul- 
tiply the length by the breadth. 

Having drawn the proper rectangle mark off the 
boundary lines into the proper number of spaces, using 
your ruler and placing the dots carefully . Lines con- 
necting the marks will divide the whole county into 
sections. 

Now number the sections beginning at the north-east 
corner of a full township; if the township is fractional 
special care should be exercised, and it will be helpful 



43 

to note that sections 1, 12, 13, 34, 35 and 36 form th© 
east tier of a township; 6, 7, 18, 19, 30 and 31 form the 
west tier; 1. 3, 3, 4, 5 and 6 the north, and 31, 33, 33, 34, 
35 and 36 form the south tier. Use ink for the numbers 
and make them small. 

Next indicate the municipal township boundaries 
with crosses or heavy dashes in colors or ink, but do 
not make any part of the map so promineat as to ob- 
scure the other details . 

Now draw the streams in the proper sections just as 
you draw the State map upon its spaces. 

Then locate the towns and railroad lines , put the 
township acd range numbers on the margin and .write 
the key numbers. 

At first draw the section lines with a pencil, then go 

over them in ink, placing the ruler with the beveled 

side down and toward the line to be drawn, about the 

width of the penholder from it. In this position the 

ruler will guide the peij and prevent blotting the paper. 

After some practice these lines can be drawn at once 

in ink. 

Trace the river lines in pencil, then use ink with the 
brush. 

If the county is irregular, draw the largest rectangle 
contained in it as if it were a regular county, and then 
add the other full townships and finally the fractional 
townships . If the county has a river or creek boundary 
produce all the sections necessary to include the river, 
and after penciling the stream erase the lines outside. 

To draw the school township for the blackboard 
make a square 34 inches on a side and mark the bound- 



44 



aries every four inclies; now connect the points of di- 
vision forming the 36 sections. 

Then, referring to the wall map of the county before 
you, locate the towns in the proper part of the proper 
sections, and draw the creeks and railroad lines, using 
the sections to guide you as in drawing the State map 
with the squares. 

If* you are in a fractional township, find from the 
county map the number and position of the sections and 
fractional sections it contains, and construct the map 
accordingly. 

To make a map of your district, go to your township 
treasurer with your tovvnship and two or three addi- 
tional tiers of sections around it, already drawn on 
a small scale, and copy the boundaries of the districts 
from the official map and get the location of the school 
houses. Then for the blackboard enlarge the district 
by making the sections four inches and fill in what you 
find on the county map. 

Find the location of roads, churches, dwellings, 
etc., and put them into your district map. 

If your civil township does not coincide with the 
school town ship, copy its boundaries from the wall map 
of the county, enlarge it two to four times and divide it 
up into sections and parts of sections as it is in the 
county map. Then proceed as in drawing the school 
township 

The size of any of these maps can be varied but it will 
be most convenient to take the scales as 'indicated 
above. 



45 



Place the proper name or numbering over your town- 
ship or district map. 

Let the teacher explain that the scales of maps do not 
indicate the size of the territory mapped, and that, 
usually, the smaller the territory the larger the scale. 



KEY TD COUNTY OUTLINE MAP 
DF ILLINOIS. 



County seats, except that of Sangamon, are repre- 
sented by a square figure on the map and in this list 
each, printed in italics, immediately follows the county 
name. The population of the counties is given in the 
column at the left. 

Numbers are given to the counties and to cities or 
towns of importance which are not county seats. 

Cities having 10, 000 population are represented by 
an open figure, less than 10, 000 by a closed square or a 
dot. 

Places of special historical interest and the linei of 
railroad are colored green. 

Scale of the State map 7 1-7 miles to one inch; of the 
county map 1 mile to one inch. 

TheT. and R. of all the towns is given and the in- 
dustries of some of them, as well as the State Institu- 
tions 

Pop. Kev 
1880. No^ 
27,584 1 JoDaviess, Galena, T. 28N., R. 1 E. and 

R. 1 W. of the 4th principal meridian; 

lead mines, pork packing. 
31,970 2 Stephenson, Freeport, T. 27N., R. 8E.of 

th«4tkP. M. 



47 



30,518 8 Winnebago, Rockford, T. 44 N., R. 1 E. 
of the Srd P. M. ; reapers, paper, watch 

\ factory. 

%, 527 4 Boone, BeMdere, T. 44 N., R. 3 E. of 3rd 
P. M. 

24, 914 5 McHenry, Woodstock, T. 44 N., R. 7 E. of 
3rd P.M. 

21,299 6 Lake, TTawfee^^n, T. 45N.,R. 12B.of Srd 

P.M. 
607,719 7 Cook, Chicago, T. 38,39 and 40 N.,R. 13 
and 14 E. of 3rd P. M. ; termination of Illi- 
nois and Michigan Canal and of many rail- 
road Hues; pork packing, printing, manu- 
facture of steel, iron, iron wares, liquor, 
furniture, leather, agricultural implements, 
wagons and carriages; largest grain market 
in the world; State eye and ear infirmary; 
site of Fort Dearborn, built by TJnilad 
States Government in 1803. 

19,187 8 DuPage, Wheaton, T. 39 N., R. 10 E. of 

3rd P.M. 
44,956 9 Kane, (?67ze®«, T. 39N.,R. 8E. of 3rdP. 

M. 

10 Elgin, T. 41 N., R. 8 E. of 3rd P.M.; 
watch factory, dairy products, northern 
insane asylum. 

11 Aurora, T. 38 N. , R. 8 E. of 3rd P. M. ; car 
shops of C. B. & Q. R. R., cotton factory. 

26, 774 12 DeKalb, Sycamore, T.41 N., R . 5 E . of 3rd 
P.M. 



48 



29,946 13 Ogle, Oregon, T. 23 N., R. 10 E. of 4th 
P. M. 

27, 494 14 Lee, Dixon, T . 21 and 22 N. , R . 9 E . of 4th 

P. M. ; plow, harrow and bagging factories, 

flouT. 
16, 985 15 Carroll, ML Carroll, T . 24 N . , R. 4 and 5 E . 

of 4th P. M. 
30,888 16 Whiteside, Jfom«o7^, T. 21 N., R 5E.of 

4th P.M. 
38. 314 17 Rock Island. Rock Island, T. 17 and 18 N , 

R.2 W. of 4th P. M.; glass works, saw mills, 

United States Arsenal. 
18 Moline, T. 18 N., R. 1 W. of 4th P. M.; 

plow factory, 
19,501 19 Mercer, ^Ze^o, T. 14N.,R. 3 W. of 4thP. 

M. 
36, 609 20 Henry, Cambridge, T . 15 N . , R. 3 E. of 4th 

P. M. 
33, 189 21 Bureau, Princeton, T. 16 N., R. 9 E of 4th 

P. M. 

5,555 22 Putnam, Hennepin, T 32N.,R. 2W. of 
3rd P. M. 

70,420 23 LaSalle, Ottawa, T. 38 N,R. 3E. of 3rd 
P. M. ; starch, largest grain market in the 
State outside of Chicago . 

24 LaSalle, T. 33 N., R. 1 E. of 3rd P. M. ; 
zinc factory, glass works, coal mines 

25 Site of Fort St. Louis, built by LaSalle in 
1682. 



49 



13, 084 26 Kendall, Yorkville, T. 37 N., R. 7 E. of 8rd 
P. M. 

16, 738 37 Grundy, Morris, T. 38 N. , R. 7 E. of 3rd P. 
M. 

58,434 38 Will, Joliet, T. 35 N., R. 10 E. of 3rd P, 
M.; stoae quarries, iron works. State peni- 
tentiary. 

24,961 39 Kankakee, ^a?i^aA;ee,T. 31 N.,R, 13 E. of 
8rdP. M., audT. 30N.,R. 13 W.ofSndP, 
M. ; stone quarries, insane asylum. 

88,450 30 Livingston, /^oniiac, T. 38 N. R. 5 E. of 
3rd P. M. ; State reform school. 

81, 630 31 Woodford. Metamora, T. 37 N. , R. 3 W . of 
3rd P. M. 

15,036 ' 32 Marshall, Lacon, T. 30N., R. 3 W. of 3rd 

P. M. 

11,209 33 Stark, Toulon, T, IB ^.,R. 6 E. of 4ihF. 
M. 

55,419 84 Peoria, Peoria, T.8N., R. 8E. of 4th P. 

M. ; distilleries, lumber, pork packing, 

center for nine railroad lines. 
38,360 35 Knox, Qalesburg, T: 11 N., R. 1 E of 4th 
* P. M. 

22,940 37 Warren, Monmouth, T. 11 N., R. 2 W. of 

4th P. M. 
10,755 88 Henderson, Oquawka, T. UN., R. 5 W. 

of 4th P.M. 
35, 352 39 Hancock, Carthage, T 5 N. , R . 6 W. of 4th 

P. M. 
40 Nauvoo, T. 6 and 7 N., R. 9 W. of 4th P. 

M.; Mormon settlement from 1839 to 1846. 



50 



27,984 41 McDonough. Macomb, T. 5 and 6N., R. 2 
and 3 W. of 4th P. M. 

41,249 42 Fulton, Lewistown, T. b'N., R 3 E. of 4th 
P. M. 

29, 679 43 Tazewell, Pekin, T. 24 and 25 N. , R. 5 W. 
of 3rd P.M. 
44 Site of Fort Oreve-coeur built by LaSalle in 
1680. 

60, 115 45 McLean, Bloomi7igton, T 23 and 24 N., R. 2 
E. of 3rd P. M ; car shops of C. &A. R. R., 
trees and nursery stock, State Normal Uni- 
versity and Illinois Soldiers' Orphans' 
Home at Normal, two miles north. 

15, 105 46 Ford, Paxton, T. 23 N., R. 10 E. of 3rd P. 

M. 
35^457 47 Iroquois, Watseka, T. 27 N., R. 12 W. of 

2nd P.M. 
41,600 48 Vermilion, i)an«)eWe, T. 19 N.. R. 11 W. of 

2nd P. M ; coal mines. 
40, 869 49 Champaign, Urhana, T. 19 N., R. 9 E. of 3rd 

P. M. ; University of Illinois. 
50 Champaign, T. 19 N., R, 8 E. of 3rd P. M. 
15. 5^3 51 Piatt, Monticello, T. 18 N., R. 5 and 6 E. of 

3rd P. M. 
17, 014 52 DeWitt, Clinton, T. 20 N., R. 2 E. of 3rd P. 

M. 

25, 041 53 Logan, Lincoln, T . 20 N . , R . 2 and 3 W. of 
3rd P . M . ; State Asylum for Feeble Minded. 

13,028 54 Menard, Petersburg, T. 18 N., R. 7 W. of 
3rd P. M. 



51 



16, 244 55 Mason , Bmana, T . 21 and 22 N , R . 8 and 

9 W. of 3rd P. M. 
14, 494 56 Cass, Virginm, T. 17 N. , R. 10 W . of 3rd P. 

M. 
57 Beardstown, T. 18 N., R. 12W. ofBrdP. 

M.; opposite the initial point of the 4th P M. 
16,249 58 Schuyler, Rushmlle, T. 2 N.,R. 1 and 2 

W. of 4th P.M. 

13, 044 59 Brown, Mt. Sterling, T . 1 S., R 3 W. of 4th 
P.M. 

59, 148 60 Adams, Quincy, T. land 2 S., R. 9 W. of 
4th P. M. ; carriages, wagons, plows, furni- 
ture, tobacco, pork packing, flour, brick, 
stoves and iron castings. 
^33, 761 61 Pike, Pittsfield, T. 5 S., R. 4 W. of 4th P.M. 

10,745 62 Scott, Winehester, T. 14 K, R. 12 W. of 
3rd P.M. 

31, 519 63 Morgan, Jacksonville, T. 15 N., R. 10 W. of 
3rd P. M.; State Asylums for- Blind, Deaf 
and Dumb, and Insane. 

52,902 64 Sangamon, Springfield, T. 16 N., R. 5 W. 
of 3rd P. M,; State Capital, watch factory, 
woolen mill, coalmines, iron works. 

28,232 65 Christian, TaylorvUle, T. 13 N., R. 2 W. 
of 3rd P. M. 

30, 671 66 Macon, Decatur, T. 16 N. , R, 2 E. of 3rd 
-P, M. ; railroad center. 

13,705 97 Moultrie, Sullivan, T. 13 N., R. 5 E. of 
3rd P. M. 

15,857 68 Douglas, Tuscola, T. 16 N., R. 8 E. of 
3rd P. M. 



52 



37,055 69 Coles, Charleston, T. 12 N., R. 9 E. oi 3rd 

P.M. 
25,504 70 Edgar, P«m,T. 13 and 14 N., R. 11 and 

12 W. of 2nd P. M. 
31,900 71 Clark, Marshall, T. 11 N. , R. 13 W. of 

Sod P. M. 
13.763 72 Cumberland, Toledo, T. 10 N.,R 9 E. 

of 3rd P. M. 
30,383 73 Shelby, Shelbyville, T. 11 N., R. 3 and 

4 E. of 3rd P. M. 
28,086 74 Montgomery, milsboro,T. S N., R. 4 W. 

of 3rd P. M. 
27,705 75 Macoupin, Garlinmlle, T. 10 N., R. 7 W. 

of 3rd P, M. 
23,014 76 Greene, Carrollton, T. 10 N. , R. 13 W. 

of 3rd P. M. g^ 

7,471 77 Calhoun, Hardin, T. 10 /T, R. 2 W. of 

4th P. M. 
15,545 78 Jersey, Jerseyville, T. 8 N., R. 11 W. of 

3rd P. xM. 

50,141 79 Madison, Edwardsville, T. 4 N., R. 8 W. 
of 3rd P, M. 
80 Alton, T.5N.,R. 9andl0 W. of 3rd P. 
M.; stone quarries, iron and elass works, 
woolen mill, box and cracker factories. . 
14,873 81 Bond, Greenville, T. 5 N., R. 3 W. of 3rd 
^ P. M. 

2.\243 82 Fayette, Vandalia, T. 6 N., R. 1 E. of 
3rd P. M.; former capital. 



63 



18,934 83 EfflDgham, Effingham, T. 8N.,R. 6 E. of 

3rd P. M. 
14,515 84 Jasper, Newton, T. 6 N., R. 9 E. of 3rd 

P. M. 
16, 190 85 Crawford, BoUnson, T. 7 N., R. 13 W, of 

3nd P. M. 
13,663 86 Lawrence, LawrenceviUe, T . 3 N., R. 13 

W. of 3nd P. M. 
15 546 87 Richland, Olney, T. 8aad4N.,R. 10 E. of 

3rd P. M. 
16,195 88 Clay, Louisville, T. 4 N. , R. 6 E. of 3rd 

P. M. 
33, 691 89 Marion, Salem, T. 3 N. , R. 3 E. of 3rd 

P. M. 

18,718 90 Clinton, Carlyle, T. 3 N. , R. 3 W. of 3rd 
P. M. 

61,850 91 St. Clair. Belleville; T. 1 N. , R. 8 W. 
of 3rd P. M. ; nail factory, iron works 
and coal mines. 
93 East St. Louis, T. 3 N. , R. 9 nnd 10 W. of 
3rd P. M. ; union stock yards, iron works, 
coal mines, canning establishment and rail- 
road center. 
93 St. Louis. Mo. 

13, 683 94 Monroe, Waterloo, T. 3 S. , R. 9 and 10 W. 
of 3rd P. M. 

35, 691 95 Randolph, Chester, T. 7 S. , R. 7 W. of 

3rd P. M. ; Southern Illinois Peniten- 
tiary. 

96 Kaskaskia, T. 6 S. , R. 7 W. of 3rd P. 

M. ; first capital. 



54 



21.117 97 Washington, Nashville, T. 2 S. , R. 3 W. 

of 3rd P. M. 
20, 686 98 Jefferson, Mount Vernon, T. 2 8.. R. 3 

E. of 3rd P. M. 
31.297 99 Wayne, Fairfield, T. 2 8., R. 8 E. of 3rd 

P. M. 
8. 600 100 Edwards, Albion, T. 2 8. , R. 10 E. of 

3rd P. M. 
9, 945 101 Wabash, Mt. Carmel, T. IS., R. 12 W. 

of 2ud P. M. 
23, 089 102 White, Carmi, T. 5 8. , R. 9 E. of 3rd 

P. M. 
16, 712 103 Hamilton, McLmnshoro, T. 5 8. , R. 6 E. 

of 3rd P. M. 
16.129 104 Franklin, Benton, T. 6S.,R. 3 E. of 3rd 

P. M. 
16,008 105 Perry, Pinckneyville, T. 5 S..R. 3 W. of 

3rd P. M. 
22,508 106 Jackson, Murphysboro, T. 9 8., R. 2 W. 

of 3rd P. M. 
107 Carbondale, T. 9 8. , R. 1 W. of 3rd P. 

M. ; Southern Illinois Normal University, 

coal mines. 
19, 326 108 Williamson, Marion, T. 9 8. , R. 2 and 3 E. 

of 3rd P. M. 
15, 940 109 Saline, Harrisburg, T. 9 S. , R. 6 E. of 

3rd P. M. 
12,862 110 Gallatin, Shawneetown, T. 9 8., R. 10 E. 

of 3rd P. M. ; salt springs In vicinity. 
6,024 111 Hardiu, Elizabethtown, T. 13 S. , R. 8 E. 

of 3rd P. M. 



56 



13,256 113 Pope, Qolconda^ "T. 13 S., K, 7 E. of 3rd 

P. M. 
13,079 113 'Jobnson, Vienna, T. 13 S., R. 3 E, of 

3rd P. M. 
18, 100 114 Union, Jonesboro, T. 13 S. , R. 1 and 3 W. 
of 3rd P. M. 
115 Anna, T. 13 S. , R. 1 W. of 3rd P. M. ; 
State Insane Asylum. 
14, 809 116 Alexander. Cairo, T. 17 S. . R. 1 W. of 

3rd P. M. ; river trade. 
9, 507 117 Pulaski, Mound City, T. 16 S. , R. 1 E. 

and R. 1 W. of 3fd P. M. 
10.443 118 Massac, Metropolis, T. 16 S, , R. 4 E. of 
3rd P. M. 
119 Vincennes, Ind: 
130 Terre Haute, Ind. 



RIVERS AND CREEKS. 



131 Kishwaukee. 

133 Rock. 

133 Meredesta Creek. 

134 Fox. 

135 Des Plaines. 

136 Kankakee. 

137 Illinois. 

138 Spoon. 

129 Le Main or Crooked Creek. 

130 Sangamon. 



56 



131 


Salt Creek. 


132 


Macoupin Creek. 


133 


Kaskaskia. 


1^4 


Crooked Creek. 


135 


DeGo^nia Creek. 


136 


Litile Muddy. 


137 


Big Muddy. 


138 


Mill Creek. 


139 


Cache. 


140 


Saline. 


141 


Little Wabash. - 


142 


Big Muddy Creek. 


143 


Bonpas Creek. 


144 


Embarras. 


145 


Wabash. 


146 


Ohio. 


147 


Mississippi. 


148 


Missouri. 


140 


Des Moines. 




BOUNDARIES 


150 


Wisconsin. 


151 


Lake Michigan. 


152 


Indiana. 


153 


Kentucky. 


154 


Missouri. 


165 


Iowa . 



57 
RAILROADS. 



The following are some of th.gprincii)al railroad lines 
of the State, many of them having branches and con- 
nections not shown on the map : 

156 Chicago & Northwestern. 

157 Chicaa;o, Burlington & Qaincy. 

158 Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific. 

159 Chicago, Alton & St. Louis. 

160 Illinois Central. 

161 Indiana^ Bloomington & Western. 

162 Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific. 

163 Toledo, Cincinnati & St. Louis. 

164 Ohio & Mississippi. 

165 Louisville & Nashville . 

166 Illinois & Michigan Canal. 

There are railroad bridges across the Mississippi 
river at St. Louis, Louisiana and Hannibal, Mo. ; 
Quincy andRock Island, 111. ; Keokuk, Clinton, Burling- 
ton and Dubuque, Iowa. 



SURVEY LINES. 



167 Third principal meridian, 

168 Base line of 2nd and 3rd principal meridians 

169 Meeting of the surveys east from the 3rd and west 
from the 2nd principal meridian. 

170 4th principal meridian. 

171 Base line of 4t,h principal meridian. 



: Gi.:: 



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